What happens when sound waves travel through different temperatures and salinities in water?

When sound waves travel through water, their speed is influenced by various environmental factors, particularly temperature and salinity. As temperature increases, the speed of sound in water generally increases as well. This is due to the reduced density and increased energy transfer within the water molecules. Similarly, higher salinity also affects sound speed; as salinity rises, the speed of sound increases due to the higher density of saltwater compared to freshwater.

Therefore, when sound waves encounter different temperatures and salinities in water, they will travel at varying speeds depending on the specific conditions of the water body. This variability is crucial in hydrographic surveying as it affects sonar data interpretation and requires adjustments based on the specific conditions encountered in the survey area. Understanding how sound speed changes with temperature and salinity is essential for accurately measuring underwater depths and mapping the seafloor.