What is one limitation of a traditional echo sounder in terms of seafloor mapping?

The chosen answer rightly highlights a significant limitation of traditional echo sounders concerning their performance over varying seabed topographies. Traditional echo sounders use acoustic signals to measure the time it takes for sound waves to travel from the device to the seafloor and back. However, when operating over sloped terrains, the angle of the seabed can cause an issue with the reflection of these sound waves.

On sloped surfaces, the sound may not return to the echo sounder in the same manner it would on a flat surface. This can lead to an underestimation or misrepresentation of depths because the angle of incidence alters the effective path of the sound wave, which can result in inaccurate depth readings. Consequently, this can complicate the mapping of the seafloor, especially in areas with significant variations in elevation, making it challenging to achieve precise depth measurements.

In contrast, other limitations posed by traditional echo sounders, such as mapping only flat terrains or depth accuracy issues, are not as pronounced. Traditional systems may work reasonably well across various underwater terrains but may struggle particularly with steep slopes, which are crucial to consider in hydrographic surveying. Furthermore, while echo sounders typically require certain types of equipment to operate, advancements in technology have produced portable and